Konsep TPACK-P Pada Pendidikan Abad 21 – Dr. Mahbub Alwathoni, M.Si
Jurnal penelitian dari Mishra dan Koehler (2006) dengan judul Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge : A framework for Teacher Knowledge, sampai saat ini telah menjadi acuan oleh banyak peneliti dan praktisi pendidikan dalam upaya mengembangkan beberapa model pembelajaran. Istilah yang kemudian dikenal dengan TPACK (Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowledge) adalah sebuah framework (kerangka kerja) dalam mendesain model pembelajaran baru dengan menggabungkan tiga aspek utama yaitu teknologi, pedagogi dan konten/materi pengetahuan (ontologis). Kemajuan teknologi informasi yang sedemikian pesatnya, adalah sebuah keniscayaan bahwa guru harus menguasai teknologi untuk kemudian digunakan sebagai media pendukung dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Beberapa contoh penerapan teknologi dalam pembelajaran adalah seperti gagasan yang ditawarkan oleh NACOL (North American Council for Online Learning), yaitu model pembelajaran campuran (blended learning). Pada model ini pembelajaran tidak terfokus pada kegiatan tatap muka dikelas (face to face), tetapi menggunakan juga teknologi berbasis web (online learning) untuk mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan dikelas. Blended learning akhirnya menjadi model pembelajaran yang cukup efektif, suasana yang jenuh belajar dikelas dapat diatasi dengan kegiatan belajar yang menyenangkan dan interaktif secara online. Penggunaan teknologi yang berbasis web ini mungkin terbilang cukup mahal, karena membutuhkan perangkat elektronik seperti komputer, laptop ataupun smart phone. Namun teknologi yang dimaksudkan dapat juga berupa alat-alat peraga (tools) hasil pengembangan kreatifitas para guru, dan tetap mengacu pada kebaruan teknologi.
Selain penggunaan teknologi sebagai media belajar, dalam framework TPACK, pedagogi adalah aspek penting yang perlu diperhatikan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Pedagogi bukan saja bagaimana mengembangkan seni-seni dalam mengajar, atau mendesain kelengkapan instrumen-instrumen proses dan penilaian dalam pembelajaran, namun dituntut juga memahami siswa secara psikologis dan biologis. Dalam pemikiran secara pedagogis ini akhirnya ada sebuah penekanan, bahwa guru yang berhasil bukanlah guru yang hanya bisa menjadikan siswanya pintar seperti dirinya, namun lebih dari itu yakni berhasil membantu siswa dalam menemukan dirinya sendiri. Minat, bakat serta karakter peserta didik akhirnya harus dipahami oleh seorang guru.
Konten pengetahuan (Content knowledge) pada kerangka kerja TPACK, adalah elemen dasar yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang guru sesuai disiplin keilmuannya. Rata-rata nilai UKG yang cukup rendah di Jawa Tengah atau dibeberapa daerah lainnya, adalah potret yang cukup memprihatinkan dalam dunia pendidikan. Masalah ini memang perlu “sentuhan tangan” pemerintah untuk lebih serius lagi dalam membuat regulasi yang lebih ketat terkait guru profesional. Pada kenyataannya dilapangan banyak diantara guru profesional (bersertifikasi) yang justru salah “masuk ruang” (mismatch), sebagai contoh guru Kimia dari lulusan S1 Pertanian/Kehutanan, guru Bahasa Indonesia dari lulusan S1 Biologi dan sebagainya. Untuk meningkatkan content knowledge, latar belakang pendidikan sangatlah penting, selain itu guru tidaklah cukup hanya mengandalkan text book semata, namun perlu didukung dengan men-update informasi terkini bidang keilmuan terkait yang dipublikasikan oleh lembaga-lembaga jurnal penelitian terpercaya.
TPACK akhirnya sebuah kerangka kerja untuk peneliti dan praktisi pendidikan, dalam upaya untuk mengemas dan mengembangkan model pembelajaran agar tercapai tujuan pembelajaran melalui proses yang lebih baik. Pengetahuan teknologi, pedagogi, dan konten/materi pengetahuan, seyogianya terkumpul dalam diri seorang guru. Namun hemat penulis, sepertinya ada yang kurang lengkap dari gagasan besar Mishra dan Koehler (2006) tentang TPACK, yaitu kepribadian yang santun (good personality) yang harus dimiliki seorang guru. Kenakalan peserta didik, pergaulan bebas, hingga kasus kriminal yang dilakukan oleh peserta didik, sudah mirip deret hitung yang setiap tahunnya mengalami “kemajuan” pesat. Oleh karenanya dipelukan kesadaran kolektif guru dalam mencermati masalah serius ini. Dampak kemajuan teknologi informasi, pengaruh lingkungan tempat tinggal atau latar belakang keluarga, diyakini sebagai yang paling bertanggungjawab terhadap merosotnya moral dikalangan pelajar.
Implementasi kurikulum nasional (kurikulum 2013) yang telah banyak diterapkan oleh satuan pendidikan, dari tingkat SD hingga SMA, memberikan amanat yang besar dalam membentuk sikap dan karakter peserta didik untuk menjadi insan berakhlak mulia. Pembentukan sikap tidak hanya tanggungjawab guru-guru agama ataupun guru budi pekerti, nilai-nilai sikap yang terintegrasi pada semua mata pelajaran, akhirnya semua guru memiliki tanggungjawab yang sama dalam menghasilkan outcome peserta didik yang berakhlak mulia. Profesi guru akhirnya bukan profesi sembarangan, tidak sekedar bertugas mentransfer pengetahuan atau mengkonstruksi pengetahuan, tetapi ada yang lebih berat yakni menjadikan diri seorang guru sebagai “kiblat” dalam berakhlak mulia, dilingkungan tempat tinggal dan terlebih lagi dilingkungan pendidikan (sekolah).
Tambahan berupa aspek kepribadian (personality) pada kerangka kerja TPACK (technological, pedagogical, content knowledge) yang akhirnya menjadi TPACK-P (personality), adalah usaha sistematis – terpadu dalam melahirkan dan membentuk guru masa depan yang penuh tantangan. Penguasaan teknologi, ketrampilan pedagogi, kompeten dalam disiplin keilmuan, yang dibungkus dengan kepribadian yang baik (good personality), adalah profil guru yang memberi secercah harapan dalam upaya transformasi peradaban yang lebih baik, amin. (Penulis : Mahbub Alwathoni. Artikel ini sebelumnya telah dimuat di JawaPos Group – Pontianak Post 2017).
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