Era Disrupsi, Masih Relevankah Peran Guru?
Disrupsi bahasa sederhananya gangguan atau menganggu (disrupt), adalah kata yang sering dijadikan tema dalam banyak seminar akhir-akhir ini. Disrupsi dapat diartikan pula sebagai kekacauan (chaos), ketika dalam beberapa kasus linearitas tidak terjadi pada variabel atau peubah, misalnya saja pergerakan dunia industri dan persaingan kerja tidak lagi linear. Perubahan dalam banyak situasi yang semestinya smoothing, halus dan berevolusi rapi, mendadak harus berubah penuh kejutan disertai inovasi-inovasi baru. Kata disrupsi dipopulerkan oleh Clayton Christensen, tokoh adminstrasi bisnis dari Harvard Business School. Disrupsi menginisiasi lahirnya banyak model bisnis baru dengan strategi yang lebih inovatif dan disruptif. Cakupan perubahannya luas mulai dari dunia bisnis, perbankan, transportasi, sosial masyarakat, hingga dunia pendidikan. Era ini menuntut manusia untuk memilih dua pilihan, berubah atau segera punah. Dalam dunia bisnis misalnya, bagaimana para pengusaha mengerahkan kekuatan teknologi informasi untuk menata ulang proses bisnis dan mempertimbangkan kembali keseluruhan industri, dengan harapan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan menurunkan beaya barang dan jasa, atau perusahaan segera punah karena masih praktikkan model konvensional.
Penelitian sains dan teknologi dengan kecepatan penuh selalu didepan mendahului penelitian sosial — humaniora yang relatif lebih lamban, menjadikan keduanya tidak berimbang kontribusinya dalam perubahan zaman. Penelitian sains dan teknologi dengan kebaruan produk-nya (novelty) terlanjur banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat, dan tak sadarkan diri muncul begitu banyak dampak pengiring (nurturant effect) yang pada akhirnya merubah pola pikir, perilaku dan nilai-nilai sosial dalam masyarakat. Teknologi gadget misalnya, meluncur dengan mudahnya diperkotaan hingga daerah pedesaan, lalu dibuntuti oleh transportasi online yang inovatif semisal grab, uber atau gojek. Kemajuan teknologi pada akhirnya sebuah keniscayaan yang “terpaksa” harus di beli untuk mempermudah banyak urusan, inilah diantara gambaran inovasi disruptif oleh Clayton Christensen (1995) dan sekarang sepertinya sudah menjadi era baru.
Dalam dunia pendidikan, disrupsi akhirnya mendorong terjadinya digitalisasi sistem pendidikan. Munculnya inovasi aplikasi teknologi seperti uber atau gojek telah menginspirasi lahirnya banyak aplikasi sejenis di bidang pendidikan. Google yang sebelumnya telah banyak mengambil “peran” guru pada layar lebar LCD, sekarang lebih mudah lagi ketika google tertanam dalam batangan android berupa aplikasi. Mudah, sangat keren, inovatif dan canggih, lalu apalagi peran guru dalam ruang-ruang kelas konvensional yang dipenuhi tumpukan buku tugas dan terkesan membosankan?.
Bahkan perkembangan terkini digitalisasi pendidikan, saat ini telah menggarap pembelajaran online seperti inovasi e-learning MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) atau AI (Artificial Intelligence). Keduanya adalah pengembang model pembelajaran dalam jaringan (daring). MOOC adalah inovasi pembelajaran yang didesain terbuka, dapat saling berbagi dan saling berinteraksi antara mentor dengan siswa, atau sesama anggota dalam jejaring.
Pembelajaran yang berpusat pada siswa ini tidak lagi mahal, modul dapat didownload bahkan ada yang free. Prinsip ini menandai dimulainya demokratisasi pengetahuan yang menciptakan kesempatan bagi semua untuk memanfaatkan teknologi yang inovatif dan produktif. Sedangkan AI adalah mesin kecerdasan buatan yang dirancang untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang spesifik dalam membantu keseharian manusia. Inovasi e-learning seperti MOOC atau AI (Artificial Intelligence), akhirnya memunculkan pertanyaan yang menyedihkan, peran guru masih relevankah pada era sekarang ini?.
Dalam jurnal-jurnal internasional education, social & behavior, beberapa tahun terakhir ini banyak muncul inovasi pembelajaran, seperti laporan dari Mishra dan Koehler (2010) yakni TPCK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge : A framework for Teacher Knowledge), adalah sebuah framework (kerangka kerja) dalam mendesain model pembelajaran baru dengan menggabungkan tiga aspek utama yaitu teknologi, pedagogi dan konten/materi pengetahuan.
Era disrupsi yang dipenuhi kemajuan teknologi informasi yang sedemikian pesatnya, adalah sebuah keniscayaan bahwa guru harus menguasai teknologi untuk kemudian digunakan sebagai media pendukung dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Beberapa contoh penerapan teknologi dalam pembelajaran adalah seperti gagasan yang ditawarkan oleh NACOL (North American Council for Online Learning), yaitu model pembelajaran campuran (blended learning).
Pada model ini pembelajaran tidak terfokus pada kegiatan tatap muka dikelas (face to face), tetapi menggunakan juga teknologi berbasis web (online learning) untuk mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan dikelas konvensional. Blended learning akhirnya menjadi model pembelajaran yang cukup efektif, suasana yang jenuh belajar dikelas dapat dilanjutkan dirumah dengan kegiatan belajar yang menyenangkan dan interaktif secara online. Penggunaan teknologi yang berbasis webini menuntut guru benar-benar menguasai teknologi, kuasai teknologi atau terpaksa ikut punah karena pembelajaran yang dilakukan tidak menarik lagi.
Hebatnya teknologi yang ikut mendukung kegiatan pendidikan tetap memiliki kelemahan, dan hal ini dapat di atasi dengan kehadiran dan peran guru sebagai makhluk sosial. Google atau AI (Artificial Intelligence) yang dibenamkan pada robot, mungkin saja bisa mengambil peran dalam mendidik secara kognisi atau skill, tapi tidak untuk mendidik karakter atau sikap (attitude). Peran guru sepanjang zaman tetap tak tergantikan dalam masalah ini, kasus pendidikan masa kini titik beratnya bukanlah target kompetensi semata, tapi luaran pendidikan berupa karakter yang unggul dan ber-akhlak mulia. Kasus menyedihkan pembunuhan guru Budi di Sampang adalah contoh kasat mata, bagaimana pendidikan telah gagal “membunuh” perilaku negatif, ketidaksantunan, keberingasan pada diri peserta didik.
Diakhir tulisan ini ada baiknya merenungkan kembali fungsi guru secara klasikal; “Materi Pembelajaran adalah sesuatu yang penting, tetapi metode pembelajaran jauh lebih penting daripada materi pembelajaran. Metode pembelajaran adalah sesuatu yang penting, tetapi guru jauh lebih penting daripada metode pembelajaran. Guru adalah sesuatu yang penting, tetapi jiwa guru jauh lebih penting dari seorang guru itu sendiri”. Kemajuan teknologi dirasakan telah banyak membantu siswa dalam mendapatkan informasi pengetahuan dan literasi yang melimpah, namun teknologi tidak sanggup menciptakan jiwa. Jiwa guru membiaskan sikap profesional, kepribadian luhur, humanis dan keteladanan, sudah semestinya keduanya bersinergi dalam menyokong tujuan pendidikan secara umum.
Konten ini telah tayang di Kompasiana.com dengan judul “Era Disrupsi, Masih Relevankah Peran Guru?”, https://www.kompasiana.com/mahboeb/5a9171c4f133442aba730123/era-disrupsi-masih-relevankah-peran-guru. kreator: Mahbub Alwathoni.
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Satisfy your palate with world-class dining experiences, featuring delectable
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